How do culture and language shape a child's attention?
Growing up in a collectivistic culture influences both alerting and executive attention, while being bilingual specifically boosts executive control.
Source
Differential effects of bilingualism and culture on early attention: a longitudinal study in the U.S., Argentina, and Vietnam
Study at a glance
- Design
- Cohort — Longitudinal ANT at five 6-month waves in 3-year-old monolinguals and bilinguals from the US, Argentina, and Vietnam
- N
- N=97 · Mean age 38.8 months at first ANT
- Population
- Three-year-old monolingual and bilingual children in the United States, Argentina, and Vietnam
- Outcome
- Attentional-network scores over toddlerhood as a function of bilingualism and culture
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How do culture and language shape a child's attention?
These passages occur verbatim in the stored paper text. They support the points listed below; they do not verify every statement in the explanation.
97 children
In the present study, 97 3-years-old (Mean age = 38.78 months) monolingual and bilingual children from three countries (the U.S., Argentina, and Vietnam) were longitudinally tested for a total of five time points on a commonly used non-linguistic attentional paradigm—the Attention Network Test.
6 months apart
Children participated in the ANT for a total of five developmental time points, with each session being 6 months apart ( M ages = 45.35, 51.20, 57.52, and 63.35 months at Time 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively).
What they did
Researchers tracked 97 children starting at 3 years of age across five developmental sessions, with each session spaced 6 months apart, in three countries: the United States, Argentina, and Vietnam. The children were divided into monolingual and bilingual groups. They were tested on three attentional networks—alerting, orienting, and executive control—using a touchscreen task.
What they found
The study revealed that children from collectivistic cultural backgrounds performed better in alerting and executive control attention networks. Being bilingual provided a unique performance boost specifically in the executive control network, but had no significant impact on alerting. The orienting network was unaffected by either language status or cultural background.
The limits
What it doesn't show
The researchers could not recruit bilingual children in Argentina who matched the socio-economic status and language environments of the other groups, leaving Latin-influenced bilingualism unstudied. Because there was no standardized Vietnamese vocabulary test available, the researchers had to adapt a checklist from Chinese and Japanese versions, which may not perfectly reflect language abilities. Finally, the study groups entire countries into broad cultural categories, which overlooks significant internal diversity within those societies.
Key terms
- Attention Network Test
- A computer-based task that measures the efficiency of three distinct attention networks: alerting, orienting, and executive control.
- Alerting Network
- The attentional system responsible for achieving and maintaining a state of high sensitivity to incoming information.
- Orienting Network
- The attentional system involved in selecting and shifting focus to specific spatial locations or sensory stimuli.
- Executive Control Network
- The cognitive system responsible for resolving conflicts, inhibiting distractions, and managing planning and decision-making.
- Individualism
- A cultural framework that prioritizes personal independence, individual goals, and self-reliance over group cohesion.
- Collectivism
- A cultural framework that emphasizes social harmony, interdependence, and the needs of the group over the individual.
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What was the primary reason for selecting the United States, Argentina, and Vietnam as the three country locations for this study?
Common questions
Why would culture affect a child's alerting attention more than their language background?
Collectivistic cultures often emphasize a holistic way of processing information, where individuals pay attention to the broader context and relationships between objects. This practice may train the alerting network, which requires broad and continuous sensitivity to environmental cues.
Why does bilingualism specifically boost executive control rather than other types of attention?
Bilingual individuals must constantly manage and switch between two languages, resolving mental competition between words. This continuous exercise strengthens executive control—the cognitive system used to ignore distractions and resolve conflicting information.
Why did the orienting network show no differences based on language or culture?
The orienting network, which shifts focus to spatial locations, develops very early in childhood. Because it does not rely heavily on complex environmental cues or conflict resolution, it is less susceptible to differences in cultural practices or language experience.
How did the researchers ensure that differences in family wealth didn't bias the results?
The researchers carefully selected only families within the middle socio-economic range in each country, adjusted for local economic realities, and controlled for parent education levels in their statistical models.
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