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Many silicatein mutants together make better nanoceria

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Evolving silicatein for ceria biomineralization never yielded one champion sequence; mixed truncated mutants and intact catalytic-triad knockouts still mineralize, implying synergistic mosaicism.

Source

Directed Evolution of Silicatein Reveals Biomineralization Synergism between Protein Sequences

Vigil TN, Rowson MC, Frost AJ, et al. · ACS omega · 2025

doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c06359Read the full paper ↗2 citationscc by

What they did

Authors fused silicatein to trigger factor, built error-prone libraries, screened E. coli survival-linked mineralisation, and compared in-vitro nanoceria from WT versus mutants by TEM and catalytic-triad alanine mutants.

What they found

Mutant 2.6 made 3.37 nm particles versus 2.46 nm for WT; H165A/S26A still mineralized similarly to WT; sponge silicateins share only 54–73% identity. Truncations of ~171 aa remained functional.

The limits

What it doesn't show

This is not a process-optimised, kilogram-scale green manufacture of ceria, nor proof that mosaicism is how sponges mineralize in vivo.

Key terms

Silicatein
Sponge biomineralization enzyme originally making silica spicules; here used for ceria.
Nanoceria
Cerium oxide nanoparticles formed from a CAN precursor under mild aqueous conditions.
Catalytic triad
Ser/His (and related) residues whose knockout still left mineralisation activity.
Genetic mosaicism
Several mutant sequences coexisting rather than a single optimized gene.
Trigger factor fusion
Solubility tag used to express recombinant silicatein.

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The mineralized product here is:

Common questions

Did one super-silicatein win?

No—several mutants/mosaics enhanced activity.

Did triad knockouts kill activity?

No significant drop versus WT in nanoceria recovery.

Particle size for mutant 2.6 vs WT?

3.37 ± 0.15 nm vs 2.46 ± 0.17 nm.

In-vitro mineralisation mix?

2 μM protein, 2 mM CAN, pH 7 Tris, room temperature.

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