Does Social Anxiety Make Us Over-Interpret What Others Think?
People with social anxiety only over-interpret others' thoughts and intentions during stressful, self-referential social interactions, rather than as a general, constant habit.
Source
Hypermentalizing in Social Anxiety: Evidence for a Context-Dependent Relationship
Study at a glance
- Design
- Cross-sectional — Psychology students selected for social-anxiety range; live interview vs film-character mentalizing
- N
- N=113 · Phase 2; 97 women; mean age 21.1
- Population
- Undergraduate psychology students varying in social anxiety
- Outcome
- Over-interpretation of others' mental states in a live interview but not for movie characters
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Does Social Anxiety Make Us Over-Interpret What Others Think?
These passages occur verbatim in the stored paper text. They support the points listed below; they do not verify every statement in the explanation.
113 college students
Participants included 113 individuals (97 females, or 85.8%; 85% White-European, 14% Latino, 1% Arabic) with a mean age of 21.1 years old (SD = 2.7), who participated in the Phase 2 of a study about MZ and SA.
What is Hypermentalizing (HMZ)?
HMZ refers to the over-attribution of mental states to others (such as the intention of negative evaluation), that goes far beyond the relevant context.
What they did
Researchers recruited 113 college students, categorizing them into high or low social anxiety groups based on screening tests. Participants completed a movie-watching task and a live, personal interview to measure how much they over-attributed thoughts to others. The researchers also measured the participants' self-esteem to see if negative self-views explained over-interpreting behavior.
What they found
Socially anxious participants over-interpreted the interviewer's thoughts during the live interview, but did not show this bias when evaluating movie characters. Surprisingly, this tendency to over-interpret others during direct interaction was not influenced by the participants' self-esteem or negative self-schemas.
The limits
What it doesn't show
This study cannot prove that social anxiety directly causes context-dependent over-interpretation, as the design is correlational. Additionally, the sample consisted of 85.8% female university students, meaning these patterns might not apply to men or the broader public. Finally, because the study relied on self-reports for self-image, it cannot rule out whether unconscious or implicit self-esteem plays a role.
Key terms
- Mentalizing
- The cognitive process of identifying and understanding the mental states, such as feelings, desires, and intentions, that underlie human behavior.
- Hypermentalizing
- The tendency to over-attribute complex thoughts, intentions, or judgments to other people that go far beyond what the actual social situation justifies.
- Theory of Mind
- The capacity to infer or imagine what is happening in another person's mind.
- Self-Referential
- Related to or involving oneself, particularly in a social situation where an individual feels personally scrutinized.
- Social Anxiety
- An intense, persistent fear of being watched, judged, and negatively evaluated by others during social interactions.
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What is Hypermentalizing (HMZ)?
Common questions
What is the difference between self-referential and non-self-referential tasks in this study?
The self-referential task (the interview) directly involved the participant, putting them in an active social situation where they might feel judged. The non-self-referential task (watching a movie) allowed participants to passively observe others from a safe distance without feeling personally scrutinized.
Why did researchers think self-esteem would play a role?
They hypothesized that people with negative self-views would assume others judge them as harshly as they judge themselves, projecting their own negative self-image onto other people's intentions.
If self-esteem doesn't moderate hypermentalizing, what does?
While this study showed self-esteem didn't directly change the relationship, the researchers suggest that the situational anxiety and arousal triggered by direct, personal contact may be the primary driver of these cognitive errors.
How can these findings help with treating social anxiety?
It shows that people with social anxiety actually have a healthy ability to understand others' minds when they aren't personally threatened. Therapists can use this intact skill to help clients recognize and challenge their over-interpretations during stressful interactions.
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