Does saying 'I' more often link to depression and anxiety?
Using first-person singular pronouns while remembering sad events is linked to higher anxiety and depression in healthy individuals and those with eating disorders, but not in clinically depressed patients.
Source
Me, myself, and I: self-referent word use as an indicator of self-focused attention in relation to depression and anxiety
Inspect source passages
Does saying 'I' more often link to depression and anxiety?
These passages occur verbatim in the stored paper text. They support the points listed below; they do not verify every statement in the explanation.
twenty-five patients in the first study
Twenty-five patients with anorexia nervosa, recruited from the inpatient units of a university hospital, took part in the first study.
second study
The second study aimed to further examine the associations between SFA in a positive and a negative context and symptoms of depression and anxiety in two samples, (a) healthy, never-depressed individuals from the general population and (b) patients with a major depressive disorder (MDD).
What they did
In the first study, twenty-five patients with anorexia nervosa wrote essays recalling their saddest and happiest moments. In the second study, researchers interviewed twenty-nine patients with chronic depression, thirty patients with non-chronic depression, and twenty-nine healthy controls.
What they found
For healthy controls and patients with anorexia, using more first-person singular pronouns during sad memories correlated with higher depression and anxiety. Surprisingly, this context-specific pattern did not occur in clinically depressed patients, who used first-person singular pronouns frequently across both positive and negative memories. Additionally, saying 'I' more often during negative recall correlated with brooding, a harmful type of self-focus, but only among the healthy participants.
The limits
What it doesn't show
Because both studies used a cross-sectional design, they cannot prove whether focusing on oneself causes anxiety and depression or is simply a symptom of these conditions. The samples were relatively small, which limits the statistical power to detect smaller effects or subtle differences between the patient groups. The findings may not apply broadly to other populations, as the first study only included female participants.
Key terms
- self-focused attention
- An awareness of internal, self-referent information rather than external information from the environment.
- rumination
- A repetitive, passive, and persistent focus on one's distress, its symptoms, and their causes and consequences.
- brooding
- A passive and maladaptive comparison of one's current state with desired but unreached states.
- reflection
- A purposeful and potentially adaptive cognitive problem-solving approach to alleviate depressive symptoms.
- trans-diagnostic factor
- A psychological mechanism or symptom that occurs across and plays a role in multiple different mental health disorders.
Flashcards
0 of 35 answers reviewed
Research intelligence for this paper
See its role on concept claims, tensions it is part of, placement history, and related discoveries.
Quiz yourself
How is Self-Focused Attention (SFA) defined in the context of this study?
Common questions
Why does pronoun use indicate how much someone focuses on themselves?
Tracking the frequency of words like 'I,' 'me,' or 'my' provides an objective, unobtrusive measure of attention, as people who are highly self-focused naturally refer to themselves more often in speech and writing.
Why did the researchers ask participants to recall both happy and sad memories?
The researchers wanted to see if self-focused attention is always linked to negative emotions, or if it only becomes maladaptive when experiencing negative events and moods.
Did chronically depressed individuals use more self-referent words than those with episodic depression?
No, contrary to expectations, patients with chronic depression did not use more first-person singular pronouns than those with non-chronic depression.
Was self-focused attention more strongly linked to depression than to anxiety?
No, self-focused attention was equally related to both depression and anxiety, supporting the idea that it is a general vulnerability factor rather than something unique to depression.
More on Depression