Cardiovascular
How does smoking change risk across CVD subtypes?
Open access · cc by · source: Europe PMC
In ~188k Australians, current smoking raised risk for most CVD subtypes—often at least doubling AMI, stroke, and heart failure—and quitting early cut excess risk.
How this study connects
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Study at a glance
- Design
- Cohort — Prospective 45 and Up Study linked hospitalisation/death for smoking vs CVD subtypes
- N
- N=188167 · CVD- and cancer-free adults ≥45 at baseline
- Population
- Australian general-population adults in the 45 and Up Study
- Outcome
- Fatal/non-fatal CVD hospitalisation and CVD mortality by subtype
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How does smoking change risk across CVD subtypes?
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Cohort n=188,167 adults ≥45.
A prospective study of 188,167 CVD- and cancer-free individuals aged ≥ 45 years from the Australian general population joining the 45 and Up Study from 2006 to 2009
27,511 major CVD events in mean 7.2 years.
During a mean 7.2 years follow-up (1.35 million person-years), 27,511 (crude rate 20.4/1000 person-years) incident fatal and non-fatal major CVD events occurred
Key findings
27,511 major CVD events over mean 7.2 years. Current smoking HRs included 1.63 for major CVD, 2.45 AMI, and 5.06 PAD; paroxysmal tachycardia was newly linked. Dose-response for CVD death and large risk reduction with quitting before 45.
Methodology
Followed CVD/cancer-free 45 and Up participants with linked hospital and death records, estimating HRs for current/past vs never smokers across many CVD endpoints.
Limitations
Observational HRs are not randomised treatment effects; residual confounding remains after adjustment.
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