Where an effect appeared, it depended on intensity — and both trials used passive controls.
Bias measures respond to intervention, but the dose and the outcome both matter. Moderate-intensity cycling significantly reduced immediate and general anxiety, perceived stress and depressive symptoms, while low-intensity walking lowered general anxiety without changing negative cognitive biases; a table-tennis programme reduced negative cognitive bias, which mediated a reduction in short-video addiction.
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[1] Supports · 2018
Does a brief workout reduce anxiety, depression, and negative thinking?The findings cannot be directly generalized to individuals with diagnosed clinical anxiety or depressive disorders because the studies relied entirely on healthy, non-clinical cohorts. Furthermore, the small sample sizes limit the statistical power of the results. The research also relied on subjective self-report questionnaires to assess mood, which may introduce response bias, and did not track how long the psychological benefits lasted after the sessions.
Original paper[2] Supports · 2025
Can Playing Table Tennis Reduce Short Video Addiction?The study cannot rule out whether the benefits were unique to table tennis or simply due to increased social interaction and attention, as the control group was passive rather than active. Additionally, because all outcomes were measured using self-report surveys, the results may be subject to social desirability bias rather than representing actual changes in real-world screen time. Finally, because the sample was drawn from a single university in China, the findings may not generalize to other populations or cultural contexts.
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