Spectroscopy
Al3+ lights up Ag/Au clusters to sense fluoroquinolones
Open access · cc by · source: Europe PMC
Dithioerythritol Ag/Au nanoclusters aggregate with Al3+ and then report ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and enrofloxacin by ratiometric fluorescence down to a few nanomolar.
Study at a glance
- Design
- Other — DIT@AgAuNC fluorescence probe with Al3+ AIE for fluoroquinolone quantification vs HPLC
- N
- Analytical method validated in eggs, milk, and urine — no subject cohort N
- Population
- Food and urine matrices spiked with ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and enrofloxacin
- Outcome
- Nanomolar LODs and recoveries for fluoroquinolone determination
Structured fields used in claim comparison tables when every cited study has a complete layer.
Key findings
Al3+ raises quantum yield from 3.28% to 12.89% and lifetime from 11.03 to 17.89 ns. LODs are 3.1, 3.8 and 4.4 nM; recoveries 94–106% (RSD < 4.09%) in 1.5 min. The probe cannot distinguish mixed FQs.
Methodology
Authors prepared DIT@AgAuNCs, characterised them by FTIR/XPS/DLS/lifetime, optimised Al3+ aggregation-induced emission, and quantified CIP/NOR/ENR in eggs, milk and urine versus HPLC-UV.
Limitations
The assay does not speciate overlapping FQs in mixtures and was not tested in blood.
How this study connects
Role on claims
Each row is a claim on a concept or method page where this paper supports, challenges, or qualifies the statement. Roles are hand-checked — not a model guess.
A fluorescent Ag/Au nanocluster assay can match HPLC-UV recoveries without matching HPLC's ability to speciate. Al³⁺ raises DIT@AgAuNC quantum yield from 3.28% to 12.89% and lifetime from 11.03 to 17.89 ns; LODs for CIP/NOR/ENR are 3.1, 3.8 and 4.4 nM with recoveries 94–106% (RSD < 4.09%) in 1.5 min in eggs, milk and urine versus HPLC-UV. The probe cannot distinguish mixed fluoroquinolones.
Evidence for the claim as stated.
Agreement with HPLC-UV recoveries does not mean the new assay is HPLC. The Ag/Au cluster probe matches 94–106% recoveries in 1.5 min but cannot speciate mixed FQs, which a chromatographic method is built to do. Pemigatinib LC–MS/MS recovery 101.7% is a validated concentration assay in HLM, not a 1.5 min optical screen.
Evidence for the claim as stated.
Al³⁺-aggregated dithioerythritol-capped Ag/Au nanoclusters turn fluorescence into a fluoroquinolone assay. Quantum yield rises from 3.28% to 12.89% and lifetime from 11.03 to 17.89 ns; LODs are 3.1, 3.8 and 4.4 nM for CIP/NOR/ENR with recoveries 94–106% (RSD < 4.09%) in 1.5 min in eggs, milk and urine versus HPLC-UV. The probe cannot distinguish mixed FQs and was not tested in blood.
Evidence for the claim as stated.
Turn-on sensing, turn-off sensing, FRET photocatalysis and photoluminescence quenching of a molecular catalyst are four fluorescence experiments. Ag/Au clusters raise ΦF 3.28% → 12.89% to report nM FQs; phage carbons quench to LOD 8.0 μM Fe³⁺; TB-Zn-CP quenches to 26.3 ppb picric acid; TPE cages donate to RhB (ΦET 77%/58%) to drive 97% cyclisation; Pt(II) PL quenching assigns oxidative quenching for >82% alkene CF₃ products. 'Fluorescence showed it worked' does not travel among those papers.
Evidence for the claim as stated.
A fluorescence LOD is not a chromatographic identity. The cluster probe’s 3.1–4.4 nM LODs match HPLC-UV recoveries but cannot speciate mixed FQs. Inner-filter Fe³⁺ quenching at 8.0 μM is a different (and coarser) analytical claim than 26.3 ppb picric acid by Stern–Volmer on a coordination polymer.
Evidence for the claim as stated.
Open questions
Tensions this paper is part of
From concept pages' “where studies disagree.” Disagreement means the same question; scope means different assays, populations, or outcomes.
Agreement with HPLC-UV recoveries does not mean the new assay is HPLC. The Ag/Au cluster probe matches 94–106% recoveries in 1.5 min but cannot speciate mixed FQs, which a chromatographic method is built to do. Pemigatinib LC–MS/MS recovery 101.7% is a validated concentration assay in HLM, not a 1.5 min optical screen.
Turn-on sensing, turn-off sensing, FRET photocatalysis and photoluminescence quenching of a molecular catalyst are four fluorescence experiments. Ag/Au clusters raise ΦF 3.28% → 12.89% to report nM FQs; phage carbons quench to LOD 8.0 μM Fe³⁺; TB-Zn-CP quenches to 26.3 ppb picric acid; TPE cages donate to RhB (ΦET 77%/58%) to drive 97% cyclisation; Pt(II) PL quenching assigns oxidative quenching for >82% alkene CF₃ products. 'Fluorescence showed it worked' does not travel among those papers.
A fluorescence LOD is not a chromatographic identity. The cluster probe’s 3.1–4.4 nM LODs match HPLC-UV recoveries but cannot speciate mixed FQs. Inner-filter Fe³⁺ quenching at 8.0 μM is a different (and coarser) analytical claim than 26.3 ppb picric acid by Stern–Volmer on a coordination polymer.
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