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Phenomenology

Is planning your end-of-life care really a matter of choice?

van Wijngaarden E · Medicine, health care, and philosophy · 2024

Open access · cc by · source: Europe PMC

The author argues that advance care planning overstates choice and control, and should make room for hesitation, acceptance and responsibility shared with the people who must act.

Study at a glance

Design
Qualitative / archival — Philosophical analysis (Ricoeur's Freedom and Nature) applied to one case narrative from an earlier phenomenological interview study
N
The argument rests on a single case (one older woman and her family) drawn from a prior study of 30 participants in 10 triads; no new data
Population
Older adults anticipating end-of-life choices and their close ones, in advance care planning
Outcome
Thesis: end-of-life 'choices' should be reconceived to include passivity, hesitation, consent and shared responsibility, perhaps as 'wishes' rather than directives

Structured fields used in claim comparison tables when every cited study has a complete layer.

Key findings

Five underrated elements are identified: choice has a passive side, as when Anne felt she had nothing real to choose; hesitation is a sign of wisdom, not weakness; anticipated suffering is felt as real now; agency may lie in consenting and surrendering rather than controlling; and when another person must act on a directive, responsibility is shared. The author suggests speaking of advance care 'wishes' or 'aspirations' rather than directives and decisions.

Methodology

The author presents the case of Anne, a widow who stopped her husband's resuscitation in line with his earlier wishes and later wrote her own list of end-of-life wishes. She then lays out Paul Ricoeur's phenomenology of the will, in which choosing is always bound up with the involuntary (body, birth, character, society), and uses it to reinterpret Anne's experience.

Limitations

The empirical basis is a single, deliberately rich case that the author says is not typical, so it cannot show how common these experiences are. The argument is mainly descriptive and interpretive; it does not test whether changing ACP language would improve care or reduce family distress. It also underplays evidence, which the author acknowledges, that advance directives help protect against unwanted treatment.

How this study connects

Role on claims

Each row is a claim on a concept or method page where this paper supports, challenges, or qualifies the statement. Roles are hand-checked — not a model guess.

  • SupportsPhenomenologyconcept

    Deciding is embodied and partly passive, not only a cognitive calculation.

    English capacity law's cognitive test is argued to be too thin: bodily and affective engagement belong to autonomous deciding. A Ricoeurian reading of one widow's end-of-life choices adds that choosing has a passive side, hesitation can be wisdom, and responsibility is shared when another person must act on a directive — suggesting 'wishes' rather than 'directives'.

    Evidence for the claim as stated.

  • QualifiesPhenomenologyconcept

    Deciding is embodied and partly passive, not only a cognitive calculation.

    English capacity law's cognitive test is argued to be too thin: bodily and affective engagement belong to autonomous deciding. A Ricoeurian reading of one widow's end-of-life choices adds that choosing has a passive side, hesitation can be wisdom, and responsibility is shared when another person must act on a directive — suggesting 'wishes' rather than 'directives'.

    Scope note — Built on a single, deliberately atypical case; it does not test whether changing advance-care language improves care.

    Limits the claim's scope: a different population, assay, or outcome.

  • SupportsPhenomenologyconcept

    The capacity paper wants bodily engagement built into assessments of autonomous decisions, while the Ricoeurian paper cautions that anticipatory choices are inherently ambivalent and partly passive — which sits uneasily with any test demanding a settled, clear decision.

    Evidence for the claim as stated.

Open questions

Tensions this paper is part of

From concept pages' “where studies disagree.” Disagreement means the same question; scope means different assays, populations, or outcomes.

  • Scope difference — different assays, populations, or outcomes

    The capacity paper wants bodily engagement built into assessments of autonomous decisions, while the Ricoeurian paper cautions that anticipatory choices are inherently ambivalent and partly passive — which sits uneasily with any test demanding a settled, clear decision.

    Also on this tension

History

When this study was placed

Dated entries from the concept change log — when this paper was added or removed as support, challenge, or qualifier on a claim.

  1. 2026-09-27

    Placed as supporting evidence on Phenomenology

    English capacity law's cognitive test is argued to be too thin: bodily and affective engagement belong to autonomous deciding. A Ricoeurian reading of one widow's end-of-life choices adds that choosing has a passive side, hesitation can be wisdom, and responsibility is shared when another person must act on a directive — suggesting 'wishes' rather than 'directives'.

  2. 2026-09-27

    Placed as a scope qualifier on Phenomenology

    English capacity law's cognitive test is argued to be too thin: bodily and affective engagement belong to autonomous deciding. A Ricoeurian reading of one widow's end-of-life choices adds that choosing has a passive side, hesitation can be wisdom, and responsibility is shared when another person must act on a directive — suggesting 'wishes' rather than 'directives'.

  3. 2026-09-27

    Placed as supporting evidence on Phenomenology

    The capacity paper wants bodily engagement built into assessments of autonomous decisions, while the Ricoeurian paper cautions that anticipatory choices are inherently ambivalent and partly passive — which sits uneasily with any test demanding a settled, clear decision.

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Same topic cluster — not a recommendation engine.