Moral psychology
Do we feel more for the pain of the beautiful or the good?
Open access · cc by · source: Europe PMC
People judged the pain of morally good characters as greater and felt more uncomfortable watching it, whatever their looks, while good looks gave only a tiny boost, mainly for characters described as immoral.
Study at a glance
- Design
- Human experiment — Study 1: 2 (attractiveness) x 2 (pain vs non-pain video) within-subject ratings; Study 2 adds a moral (high vs low) story attached to each actor, giving a 2 x 2 x 2 within-subject design
- N
- N=84 · Study 2 analysed 84 of 89 recruited students (5 did not finish); Study 1 recruited 26 undergraduates per the abstract, but its participant section is missing from the available text; a separate 48 students rated the moral stories
- Population
- Undergraduate students at Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Outcome
- Ratings (1-7) of the pain intensity felt by the actor and, in Study 2, of the observer's own discomfort (self-uncomfortableness)
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Key findings
In Study 1, attractive actors in pain were rated as feeling slightly more pain than unattractive ones, a difference the authors describe as very small. In Study 2, moral information had a much stronger effect: good characters' pain was rated higher (5.13 vs 4.75 in the pain videos) and caused far more discomfort than bad characters' pain. Attractiveness raised ratings only for immoral characters in pain (4.83 vs 4.67), and unattractive moral characters received as much empathy as attractive ones. Attractiveness had no overall effect on observers' own discomfort.
Methodology
Chinese undergraduates watched short videos of actors, rated in advance as high or low in facial attractiveness, experiencing everyday painful or non-painful events, and rated how much pain each actor felt. In Study 2, each of eight actors was also paired with a short story portraying them as highly moral (for example, an epidemic volunteer) or immoral (for example, a blackmailer), shown as a one-line summary under their photo before each video. Participants then rated both the actor's pain and their own discomfort on 7-point scales.
Limitations
The ratings are self-reports on a single scale, and several significant attractiveness effects are differences of only a small fraction of a point on a 7-point scale, so their practical importance is doubtful. The three-way interaction for discomfort was not significant, yet the authors still interpret an exploratory follow-up. Study 1 did not balance participant gender, all participants were Chinese university students, and the available text is missing the introduction and Study 1 participant and stimulus details (the abstract and methods also disagree on Study 2 recruitment, 85 vs 89). As a behavioural study it cannot confirm the proposed emotional-then-cognitive stages of empathy.
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