Learning
Does implicit throwing practice survive fatigue?
Open access · cc by · source: Europe PMC
In 32 people, implicit (errorless, near-to-far) throwing practice beat explicit (errorful, far-to-near) practice under both Stroop mental fatigue and isometric physical fatigue.
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Study at a glance
- Design
- Human experiment — Two-group throwing-task experiment: implicit (errorless) vs explicit (errorful) learning, then retention/transfer under physical and mental fatigue
- N
- N=32 · 32 participants equally divided into implicit and explicit learning groups (16 each)
- Population
- Healthy participants performing a dart-like throwing skill-acquisition protocol
- Outcome
- Throwing performance during acquisition, retention, and transfer under mental (Stroop) and physical (50% MVC elbow) fatigue
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Inspect source passages
Does implicit throwing practice survive fatigue?
These passages occur verbatim in the stored paper text. They support the points listed below; they do not verify every statement in the explanation.
32 participants were equally divided into explicit and implicit groups.
Thirty-two participants, equally divided between the explicit and implicit learning groups, participated in a throwing task.
Acquisition comprised 150 throws from five distances.
The initial session referred to as the acquisition phase, comprised 150 throws from five different distances.
Key findings
Implicit learners showed better performance under fatigue and significantly outperformed explicit learners regardless of fatigue type. Acquisition analyses found a group main effect on throwing scores (F1,30=18.968, p<0.001, η²=0.387).
Methodology
Split 32 participants into explicit vs implicit throwing groups (150 throws from five distances). Explicit started far and moved closer (errorful); implicit started close and moved out (errorless). Later tests included retention plus transfer under 30-min Stroop fatigue and 2-min 50% MVC elbow-extension fatigue.
Limitations
A 32-person lab throwing task does not prove implicit methods win for all sports, jobs, or clinical rehab under real-world fatigue.
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