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What makes a model organism a model organism?

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Not just fame or a genome, but versatility: standardized organisms (Drosophila, Xenopus, Arabidopsis) support many targets and strategies over time (T-scope and S-scope).

Source

Modeling versatility as the hallmark of model organisms

Prieto GI, Fábregas-Tejeda A · History and philosophy of the life sciences · 2026

doi.org/10.1007/s40656-026-00718-5Read the full paper ↗0 citationscc by

What they did

The authors place model organisms at the centre of biomedical practice, distinguish insights they yield from other experimental organisms, and analyse diachronic target versatility and related scopes, noting compatibility with Larraín on representational power.

What they found

Versatility is grounded in the fact that model organisms are standardized — material, integrated systems with evolutionary history. That is why they are heuristically and explanatorily central, and why their insights differ from those of non-model experimental organisms.

The limits

What it doesn't show

This is philosophy of scientific practice, not a new fly experiment. It does not rank every species.

Key terms

Model organism
A standardized living system (e.g. Drosophila, Xenopus, Arabidopsis) used across many problems.
Modeling versatility
The hallmark: capacity to model many targets and support many strategies, including over time.
Standardized organism
A material, integrated system with an evolutionary history, not a mere reagent.
T-scope / S-scope
The paper’s dimensions of target versatility and strategy versatility.

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See its role on concept claims, tensions it is part of, placement history, and related discoveries.

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Hallmark of model organisms?

Common questions

Hallmark?

Modeling versatility, grounded in standardisation.

Examples?

Fruit fly, African clawed frog, thale cress.

Different from other experimental organisms?

The epistemic insights gained differ — that is a live philosophical question they address via versatility.

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