Does time management fuel nursing students’ innovation?
In 763 undergraduate nursing students, time-management scores predicted innovative behavior both directly (effect 0.263) and through academic self-efficacy and flow (total mediation 62.9%).
Source
The impact of undergraduate nursing students' time management disposition on innovative behavior: the chain mediating role of academic self-efficacy and flow experience
Study at a glance
- Design
- Cross-sectional — Questionnaire survey of undergraduate nursing students with a chain-mediation SEM (time management → self-efficacy → flow → innovative behavior)
- N
- N=763 · 763 valid questionnaires from 3 Jiangsu universities; 95.38% effective response; ages 17–22 (mean 19.55)
- Population
- Undergraduate nursing students at three universities in Jiangsu Province, China
- Outcome
- Innovative behavior, with academic self-efficacy and flow as mediators of time-management disposition
Structured fields used in claim comparison tables when every cited study has a complete layer.
What they did
Surveyed students at three Jiangsu universities with time-management, academic self-efficacy, flow, and innovative-behavior scales, then tested a chain-mediation structural equation model with 5,000 bootstraps.
What they found
Time management correlated with self-efficacy (r=0.691), flow (0.732), and innovation (0.630). Direct path 0.263; self-efficacy mediation 0.115; flow 0.205; chain 0.126. Model fit was good (RMSEA 0.050, CFI 0.982).
The limits
What it doesn't show
Cross-sectional self-report cannot prove that teaching time management causes innovation; common-method bias and one province limit causal claims.
Key terms
- Time management disposition
- Trait-like time value, monitoring, and efficiency measured with a 44-item adolescent scale.
- Academic self-efficacy
- Belief in one’s ability to succeed at academic tasks; first mediator.
- Flow experience
- Absorbed, high-focus engagement; second mediator in the chain.
- Innovative behavior
- Self-reported generation and application of new ideas in study/practice.
- Chain mediation
- Indirect path TMD → self-efficacy → flow → innovative behavior.
- Bootstrap
- 5,000 resamples used to get 95% CIs for indirect effects.
Flashcards
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Quiz yourself
Valid N was:
Common questions
How many valid surveys?
763 (95.38% effective response).
What predicted innovation?
Time-management disposition, directly and via self-efficacy and flow.
Direct effect size?
0.263; total mediation 0.446 (62.9% of the effect).
Student ages?
17–22 years (mean 19.55 ± 1.20).
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