Working memory
Can thinking about yourself boost memory under stress?
Open access · cc by · source: Europe PMC
Stressed exam candidates who were first primed to focus on themselves were more accurate and faster on a hard working-memory task than stressed candidates given a neutral version of the same task.
Study at a glance
- Design
- Human experiment — Participants randomly assigned to unscramble 'I' sentences (self-awareness prime) or 'he/she' sentences (control), then did a spatial 0-, 1- and 2-back task with 64-channel EEG.
- N
- N=48 · 48 highly stressed graduates randomly split into a self-awareness group (14 women, 11 men) and a control group (13 women, 10 men); no low-stress group is reported in this paper.
- Population
- Chinese graduates preparing for a competitive postgraduate entrance exam, selected for high Perceived Stress Scale scores.
- Outcome
- n-back accuracy and reaction time; P2, N2 and late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes.
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Key findings
On the hardest (2-back) level the self-awareness group was more accurate (about 85% vs 76%), and they responded faster at the 1- and 2-back levels. Their brain responses showed a larger P2, smaller N2 and larger late positive potential, which the authors read as better allocation of attention. The late positive potential statistically mediated the group difference in response times, and perceived stress correlated with P2 and N2 in the control group but not in the self-awareness group.
Methodology
Graduates preparing for a stressful national exam, all in the top quarter on perceived stress, were randomly split into two groups. One group unscrambled sentences starting with 'I' to raise self-awareness, while the control group unscrambled identical sentences starting with 'he' or 'she'. Everyone then did a spatial n-back task at three difficulty levels while EEG recorded brain responses.
Limitations
All participants were highly stressed and no low-stress comparison group is analysed here, so the study cannot show that self-awareness specifically offsets stress rather than helping working memory in general. The effect comes from one brief priming session with 48 people, so its durability and replicability are unknown. The ERP interpretations as 'attention allocation' are inferences, and the mediation analysis on a small sample cannot establish a causal neural pathway. The sample of Chinese exam candidates also limits generality, as the authors note.
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