Air pollution
Non-freeway NOx tracks children's BMI growth
Open access · cc by · source: Europe PMC
In 4,550 Southern California children, non-freeway NOx associated with BMI at age 10 and 4-year growth; freeway NOx and near-road traffic density were weaker after confounding control.
How this study connects
Role on claims
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A school cohort's multilevel BMI growth models (mean age 6.6 years; BMI rose ~2.6 units over 5 years) found non-freeway NOₓ still positively associated with BMI level and slope after SES, smoking, greenness, fast food and street-connectivity adjustment, while freeway NOₓ was not. Traffic density within 150 m was confounded, especially on the Spanish questionnaire.
Evidence for the claim as stated.
Traffic signals split by source and by how hard confounding is controlled. Children's BMI tracked non-freeway NOₓ but not freeway NOₓ, and near-road traffic density was confounded. In the Danish cancer screen, cervical and brain associations remained after adjustment while many smoking-related IRRs shrank, and the analysis was a 20-cancer screen without HPV data for cervix.
Evidence for the claim as stated.
Multilevel growth models of measured BMI in a school cohort (mean age 6.6 years; BMI rose ~2.6 units over 5 years) assigned baseline traffic density and CALINE-like freeway versus non-freeway NOₓ, adjusting for SES, smoking, greenness, fast food and street connectivity. Traffic within 150 m was confounded (especially the Spanish questionnaire). Non-freeway NOₓ stayed positively associated with BMI level and slope; freeway NOₓ was not.
Evidence for the claim as stated.
Mixed-effects and adjacent hierarchical papers here are not one invasive-species result. Children's BMI growth is a traffic-pollution question (non-freeway NOₓ associated; freeway NOₓ not). Abisko space-for-time finds SOC falling from 9.01 to 4.51 kg m⁻² heath to forest as a shrub-expansion analogue. Šumava tree rings track beech versus spruce under shifting air chemistry in 35 trees. The brown-trout PVA is a suppression forecast (QE in 5.7–6.3 years; 29% if age-0 methods are skipped), not a mixed model of field counts proving those rates. The method label mixes four questions.
Evidence for the claim as stated.
Open questions
Tensions this paper is part of
From concept pages' “where studies disagree.” Disagreement means the same question; scope means different assays, populations, or outcomes.
Traffic signals split by source and by how hard confounding is controlled. Children's BMI tracked non-freeway NOₓ but not freeway NOₓ, and near-road traffic density was confounded. In the Danish cancer screen, cervical and brain associations remained after adjustment while many smoking-related IRRs shrank, and the analysis was a 20-cancer screen without HPV data for cervix.
Mixed-effects and adjacent hierarchical papers here are not one invasive-species result. Children's BMI growth is a traffic-pollution question (non-freeway NOₓ associated; freeway NOₓ not). Abisko space-for-time finds SOC falling from 9.01 to 4.51 kg m⁻² heath to forest as a shrub-expansion analogue. Šumava tree rings track beech versus spruce under shifting air chemistry in 35 trees. The brown-trout PVA is a suppression forecast (QE in 5.7–6.3 years; 29% if age-0 methods are skipped), not a mixed model of field counts proving those rates. The method label mixes four questions.
Discoveries this paper informs or conflicts with
- Traffic-specific particles carried more diabetes risk than total particle mass
This paper informs this development.
Study at a glance
- Design
- Cohort — Longitudinal multilevel BMI growth models vs traffic density and CALINE-like NOx
- N
- N=4550 · 4,550 children in 13 Southern California communities
- Population
- Schoolchildren in Southern California communities
- Outcome
- BMI level and 4-year growth related to non-freeway vs freeway NOx and near-road traffic
Structured fields used in claim comparison tables when every cited study has a complete layer.
Inspect source passages
Non-freeway NOx tracks children's BMI growth
These passages occur verbatim in the stored paper text. They support the points listed below; they do not verify every statement in the explanation.
BMI increased approximately 2.6 units by year 5, to 19.35.
By year 5 of the study BMI had increased approximately 2.6 units to 19.35 (SD 4.21) with boys showing a slightly greater increase.
Obesity rates were 15% for BMI at or above the CDC 95th percentile.
Obesity rates measured as BMI scores equal to or greater than the 95th percentile were 15%.
Key findings
Mean age 6.6 years; BMI rose ~2.6 units over 5 years. Traffic within 150 m was confounded (especially Spanish questionnaire). Non-freeway NOx stayed positively associated with BMI and slope; freeway NOx was not.
Methodology
Multilevel growth models of measured BMI in a school cohort assigned baseline traffic density and CALINE-like freeway vs non-freeway NOx, adjusting for SES, smoking, greenness, fast food, and street connectivity.
Limitations
Observational BMI growth is not a randomized pollution trial; diet was not fully measured, and baseline-address exposure misses residential mobility.
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