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PaperFren

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Developments across the published libraries, ranked by evidence, connection, and — if you follow topics — relevance to you. Each card is a movement in the literature: what changed, how the evidence is labeled, and why it matters.

Each development carries an evidence label. What the labels mean

Sleep · Working memory

Published 2019 · Explained Sep 2026

Sleep loss hurts young adults' working memory — and left older adults' scores intact in another study

Evidence: Contested

What changed

Two papers in the PaperFren library disagree by age group. Neither is large enough to settle the question. The conservative reading is: costs are clearer in young adults here; older-adult resilience was observed in a highly screened sample on a short task.

2 studies · Two laboratory sleep-deprivation studie…

Hot electrons · Plasmonics

Published 2019 · Explained Sep 2026

Light on metal nanoparticles mostly makes heat, yet hot-electron transfer is still measured

Evidence: Contested

What changed

A careful energy-conserving model puts the non-thermal share at a tiny fraction under steady light, while a pulsed strong-coupling experiment reports measurable injection. The model is for silver without interband transitions, and the experiment is one material system whose efficiency mechanism is proposed rather than measured, so neither settles the other.

2 studies · Theoretical model versus a pump-probe e…

Informed consent · Biobanks

Published 2019 · Explained Sep 2026

Biobank consent is broken in one specific way, and the two proposed fixes contradict each other

Evidence: Contested

What changed

Two developed alternatives exist and pull in opposite directions. Both are normative proposals rather than trials: neither has been shown to produce better-informed participants, and dynamic consent has not been shown to raise recruitment.

2 studies · Competing normative proposals in bioban…

Addiction · Explanation

Published 2017 · Explained Sep 2026

If addiction changes the brain, that is what learning does too

Evidence: Contested

What changed

A developmental reading accounts for the same neural findings without a pathology premise, and reframes recovery accordingly. This is a theoretical essay: it measures no quit rates and cites recovery-without-treatment figures from the wider literature.

2 studies · Theoretical argument drawing on neurosc…

Bilingualism · Executive function

Published 2014 · Explained Sep 2026

A careful test finds no bilingual advantage — and the executive-function tasks barely agree with each other

Evidence: Contested

What changed

This paper is a central piece of the contested bilingual-advantage debate: no advantage here, plus evidence that popular EF tasks do not measure the same thing. It does not rule out effects in children, older adults, or other sociolinguistic contexts.

3 studies · Individual-differences / between-group …

Autism · Connectivity

Published 2012 · Explained Sep 2026

Autism network differences appeared in function and structure at once — in a sample chosen to be able to show them

Evidence: Contested

What changed

Two modalities agree within one sample. The participants are high-functioning children and adolescents, so this does not extend to adults or to lower-functioning individuals, and a cross-sectional design cannot say whether these differences precede or follow the behavioural phenotype.

2 studies · Cross-sectional resting-state fMRI with…